PBM for AMD: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Clinical Integration
Photobiomodulation shows promise, but long-term data are needed.
Luis Acabá-Berrocal, MD, and Anton Orlin, MD
Retina Today 
KEY TAKEAWAYS Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been applied across many medical fields, including dermatology, neurology, and dentistry, where it has been shown to improve tissue repair, reduce neuropathic pain, and enhance bone remodeling. Ideal candidates for PBM include patients with intermediate dry AMD who are motivated to pursue a noninvasive treatment option. Patients typically undergo an initial series of nine treatment sessions over 3 to 5 weeks, followed by maintenance treatments every 4 to 6 months based on clinical response and patient preference. While PBM may improve visual function and slow disease progression, it is not curative. Outcomes may vary, and treatment benefits are generally more pronounced in earlier stages of disease. The prevalence of AMD is projected to increase from approximately 200 million to more than 300 million individuals worldwide as global life expectancy rises.1,2 Accordingly, the development of therapies that can prevent, slow, or treat AMD has become critical (Figure). The treatment landscape for AMD has evolved substantially, from AREDS supplementation to anti-VEGF therapies and complement inhibitors, and, most recently, photobiomodulation (PBM). Currently, PBM offers a noninvasive therapeutic option for patients with dry AMD. Figure. Patients such as this 68-year-old woman who has intermediate AMD, with the OCT of the left eye demonstrating drusen, may benefit from early treatment.